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	Related=20 Sites

Securing Your Web Browser

Will Dormann and = Jason=20 Rafail
CERT Coordination Center=20

This paper will help = you=20 configure your web browser for safer internet = surfing. It=20 is written for home computer users, students, small = business=20 workers, and any other person who works with limited=20 information technology (IT) support and broadband = (cable=20 modem, DSL) or dial-up connectivity. Although the = information=20 in this document may be applicable to users with = formal IT=20 support as well, organizational IT policies should = supersede=20 these recommendations.

Int= roduction

Why=20 Secure Your Web Browser?
Underst= anding=20 Web Browser Features=20
= Vulnerabilities=20 and Attack Vectors=20
1. ActiveX=20 Controls=20
2. Java
3. Cross-Site=20 Scripting=20
4. Cross-Zone=20 and Cross-Domain Vulnerabilities
5. Malicious=20 Scripting, Active Content and HTML=20
6. Spoofin= g
Ho= w=20 to Secure Your Web Browser=20
1. Microsoft=20 Windows Internet Explorer=20
2. = Mozilla=20 Firefox=20
3. Apple=20 Computer Safari=20
4. O= ther=20 Browsers
K= eeping=20 Your Computer Secure

Refer= ences

US-CERT<= /A>=20
CERT/CC=20
Micro= soft=20 Windows XP=20
Apple=20 Macintosh OS X=20
Linux =
System=20 Administrators

Document= =20 revision history

I. Why Secure Your Web = Browser?

Today,=20 web browsers such as Internet Explorer, Mozilla = Firefox, and=20 Safari (to name a few), are installed on almost all = computers.=20 Because web browsers are used so frequently, it is = vital to=20 configure them securely. Often, the web browser that = comes=20 with an operating system is not set up in a secure = default=20 configuration. Not securing your web browser can lead = quickly=20 to a variety of computer problems caused by anything = from=20 spyware being installed without your knowledge to = intruders=20 taking control of your computer.

Ideally, = computer=20 users should evaluate the risks from the software they = use.=20 Many computers are sold with software = already loaded.=20 Whether installed by a computer manufacturer, = operating=20 system maker, internet service provider, or by a = retail store,=20 the first step in assessing the vulnerability of your = computer=20 is to find out what software is installed and how one = program=20 will interact with another. Unfortunately, it is not = practical=20 for most people to perform this level of=20 analysis.

There is an increasing threat from = software=20 attacks that take advantage of vulnerable web = browsers. In=20 recent months, the CERT/CC has observed a trend = whereby new=20 software vulnerabilities are exploited and directed at = web=20 browsers through the use of compromised or malicious = web=20 sites. This problem is made worse by a number of = factors,=20 including the following:=20

Many web browsers are configured to provide = increased=20 functionality at the cost of decreased security.=20
New security vulnerabilities may have been = discovered=20 since the software was configured and packaged by = the=20 manufacturer.=20
Many web sites require that users enable certain = features or install more software, putting the = computer at=20 additional risk.=20
Many users do not know how to configure their = web=20 browsers securely.=20
Many users are unwilling to enable or disable=20 functionality as required to secure their web = browser.=20
Many users are unaware whether or not their = computer has=20 been compromised.=20
Many users fail to properly =93clean=94 a = compromised=20 computer.

As a result, exploiting=20 vulnerabilities in web browsers has become a popular = way for=20 attackers to compromise computer systems. =

In=20 addition to following this paper's recommendations, = refer to=20 the documentation in the Refer= ences=20 section for other steps you can take to secure your=20 computer.

II. Understanding Web = Browser=20 Features

It is important to understand the = functionality=20 and features of the web browser you use. Enabling some = web=20 browser features may lower security. For example, the = ActiveX=20 software feature has a history = of vulnerabilities=20 that have lead to severe security impacts when=20 enabled.

Multiple web browsers may be installed = on your=20 computer. Other software applications on your = computer, such=20 as email clients or document viewers, may use a = different=20 browser than the one you normally use to access the=20 web. Also, certain file types may be configured = to open=20 with a different web browser. Using one web browser to = access=20 web sites does not mean other applications = will=20 automatically use the same browser. For this reason, = it is=20 important to securely configure each web=20 browser installed on your computer.

Web = sites may=20 require the use of a browser that supports scripting = or active=20 content, such as JavaScript or ActiveX controls, or = the sites=20 themselves may contain vulnerabilities. Web sites can = be=20 considered products, and as a user of the product, you = can=20 contact the web site administrators and request that = the sites=20 be designed so that they do not require the use of = features=20 that may pose a computer security risk.

Some = specific=20 web browser features and attributes are described = in this=20 document. Understanding what different features do = will help=20 you understand how they affect your web browser's = functionality and the security of your = computer.

ActiveX is a = technology=20 used by Microsoft Internet Explorer on Microsoft = Windows.=20 ActiveX allows applications or parts of applications = to be=20 utilized by the web browser. A web page can use = ActiveX=20 components that may already reside on a Windows = system, or=20 may download the component from a web site. This = gives=20 extra functionality to traditional web browsing, but = may also=20 introduce more severe vulnerabilities if not properly=20 implemented.

Java is an=20 object-oriented programming language that can be used = to=20 develop active content for web sites. A Java Virtual = Machine,=20 or JVM, is used to execute the Java code, or =93applet,=94 = provided by=20 the web site. The JVM is designed to separate, or = =93sandbox,=94=20 running code so that it does not affect the rest of = the=20 system. Some operating systems come with a JVM, while = others=20 require a JVM to be installed before Java can be used. = Java=20 applets run independently from the operating=20 systems.

Active=20 Content, or plug-ins, are intended for use in = the web=20 browser. They are similar to ActiveX controls but = cannot be=20 executed outside of a web browser. Macromedia Flash is = an=20 example of Active Content that can be provided as a=20 plug-in.

JavaScript is = a dynamic=20 scripting language that is used to develop active = content for=20 web sites. Unlike Java, JavaScript is a language that = is=20 interpreted by the web browser directly. There are=20 specifications in the JavaScript standard that = restrict=20 certain features such as accessing local = files.

VBScript is a=20 programming language that is unique to Microsoft = Windows.=20 VBScript is similar to JavaScript, but it is not as = widely=20 used in web sites because of its limited=20 compatibility with browsers other than Internet=20 Explorer.

Cookies are = text files=20 placed on your computer to store data that is used by = a web=20 site. A cookie can contain any information that a web = site is=20 designed to place in it. Cookies may contain = information about=20 the sites you visited, or may even contain credentials = for=20 accessing the site. Cookies are designed to be = readable only=20 by the web site that created them.

Security Zones and the = Domain=20 Model are methods Microsoft Windows = uses designed=20 to provide multiple levels of security settings for a = single=20 system. While primarily used by Internet Explorer, it = can be=20 invoked by other applications on the system that use=20 components of Internet Explorer. You can learn more = about=20 Microsoft=92s Security Zones, the Domain Model, = and how to=20 secure them at this web site: http://www.microsoft.com/windows/ie/using/howto/security/setup.asp= .

III. Vulnerabilities = and=20 Attack Vectors

Increasingly, attackers = are exploiting=20 client-side systems (your computer) through various=20 vulnerabilities. They use these vulnerabilities to = take=20 control of your computer, steal your information, = destroy your=20 files, and attack other computers. = A low-cost way=20 for attackers to gain control of your computer is by=20 exploiting vulnerabilities in web browsers. An = attacker can=20 simply create a malicious web page that will install = Trojan=20 software or spyware that will steal information = from your=20 computer. Additional information about spyware is = available in=20 the following document: http://www.cert.= org/archive/pdf/spyware2005.pdf.=20 Rather than actively targeting and attacking = vulnerable=20 systems, a malicious web site can passively compromise = systems=20 as the site is visited. A malicious HTML document can = also be=20 emailed to victims. In these cases, the act of opening = the=20 email or attachment can compromise the = system.

In this=20 section, we will point out some common vulnerabilities = in web=20 sites and web browsers that tend to be exploited. We = will not=20 go into great detail in this document, but will = provide links=20 to other documentation that will help explain the=20 vulnerabilities.

ActiveX=20 Controls
ActiveX is a technology that has been = plagued=20 with various vulnerabilities and implementation = issues. One=20 problem with using ActiveX in a web browser is that = it=20 greatly increases the attack surface, or = =93attackability,=94 of=20 a system. Vulnerabilities in ActiveX objects may be=20 exploited via Internet Explorer, even if the object = was=20 never designed to be used in a web browser. In 2000, = the=20 CERT/CC held a workshop to analyze security in = ActiveX. The=20 results from that workshop may be viewed here: http://www.cert.o= rg/reports/activeX_report.pdf.=20 Many vulnerabilities associated with ActiveX = controls lead=20 to severe impacts. Attackers exploiting ActiveX=20 vulnerabilities can frequently gain control of = computers.=20 You can search the US-CERT and CERT/CC web sites for = ActiveX=20 vulnerabilities at the following URLs: http://search.= us-cert.gov/query.html?qt=3Dactivex=20 and http://search.cer= t.org/query.html?qt=3Dactivex.=20
Java
Java is an = object-oriented=20 programming language developed by Sun Microsystems. = A Java=20 applet is machine-independent and requires a Java = Virtual=20 Machine (JVM) on the client computer so that it can = execute.=20 Java applets traditionally execute within a = =93sandbox=94 where=20 the interaction with the rest of the system is = limited.=20 However, various implementations of the JVM contain=20 vulnerabilities that allow an applet to bypass these = restrictions. Signed Java applets can also bypass = sandbox=20 restrictions, but they generally prompt the user = before they=20 can execute. You can search the US-CERT and CERT/CC = web=20 sites for Java vulnerabilities at the following = URLs: http://search.us-= cert.gov/query.html?qt=3Djava=20 and http://search.cert.org/query.html?col=3Dcertadv&col=3D= vulnotes&qt=3Djava.=20
Cross-Site=20 Scripting
Cross-site scripting, often referred = to as CSS=20 or XSS, is a vulnerability in a web site that = permits an=20 attacker to leverage the trust relationship that you = have=20 with that site. For a high-level description of CSS = attacks,=20 please read the whitepaper published at http://= www.cert.org/archive/pdf/cross_site_scripting.pdf.=20 Note that cross-site scripting is not usually caused = by a=20 failure in the web browser. You can search the = CERT/CC web=20 sites for cross-site scripting vulnerabilities at = the=20 following URLs: http://search.us-= cert.gov/query.html?qt=3Djava=20 and http= ://search.cert.org/query.html?qt=3Dcross-site+scripting.=20
Cross-Zone and=20 Cross-Domain Vulnerabilities
Most web browsers = employ=20 security models to prevent a web site from accessing = data in=20 a different domain. These security models are = primarily=20 based on the Netscape Same Origin Policy: http://www.mozilla.org/projects/security/components/same-origin.html= .=20 Internet Explorer also has a policy to enforce = security zone=20 separation: http://msdn.microsoft.com/workshop/security/szone/overview/overvi= ew.asp.=20

Vulnerabilities in these security models can = be used=20 to perform actions that a site could not normally = perform.=20 The impact can be similar to a cross-site scripting=20 vulnerability. However, if a vulnerability allows = for an=20 attacker to cross into the local machine zone or = other=20 protected areas, the attacker may be able to execute = arbitrary commands on the vulnerable system. You can = search=20 the US-CERT and CERT/CC web sites for cross-zone and = cross-domain vulnerabilities at the following URLs: = http://se= arch.us-cert.gov/query.html?qt=3Dcross-domain=20 and http://search.cert.org/query.html?col=3Dce= rtadv&col=3Dvulnotes&qt=3D%22cross-domain%22.=20
Malicious = Scripting,=20 Active Content, and HTML
Some sites may contain=20 malicious scripts, active content, or HTML that will = attempt=20 to trick the visitor into providing information, or=20 performing an action that will enable the attacker = to gain=20 some privilege. In the absence of vulnerabilities, = the=20 attackers rely on social=20 engineering to gain access to the victim=92s = information.=20 However, vulnerabilities in web browsers may be = exploited to=20 gain privileges as well. Below is a list of = vulnerabilities=20 in web browsers that may provide an exploit vector = through=20 the use of malicious code. In 2000, the CERT/CC = released a=20 frequently asked questions (FAQ) document on = malicious=20 scripting. It is available here: http://www= .cert.org/tech_tips/malicious_code_FAQ.html.=20 You can search the US-CERT and CERT/CC web sites for = malicious scripting and content vulnerabilities at = the=20 following URLs: http://search.us-cert.gov/query.html?qt=3Dmalicious+scriptin= g+active+content=20 and http://search.cert.org/query.html?qt=3Dmalicious+scripting+acti= ve+content.=20
Spoofing
As it = relates to web=20 browsers, spoofing is a term used to describe = methods of=20 faking various parts of the browser user interface. = This may=20 include the address or location bar, the status bar, = the=20 padlock, or other user interface elements. Phishing = attacks=20 often utilize some form of spoofing to help convince = the=20 user to provide personal information. If a user's = browser is=20 vulnerable to spoofing, they are more likely to fall = victim=20 to a phishing attack. You can search the US-CERT and = CERT/CC=20 web sites for malicious scripting and content=20 vulnerabilities at the following URLs: http://s= earch.us-cert.gov/query.html?qt=3Dbrowser+spoof=20 and http://sear= ch.cert.org/query.html?qt=3Dbrowser+spoof.=20 The US-CERT document =93Technical Trends in = Phishing=20 Attacks=94 (available at http= ://www.us-cert.gov/reading_room/phishing_trends0511.pdf)=20 has more information about spoofing and phishing = techniques.=20

IV. How to Secure Your = Web=20 Browser

Some software features that provide = functionality=20 to a web browser, such as ActiveX, Java, Scripting=20 (JavaScript, VBScript, etc), may also introduce=20 vulnerabilities to the computer system. These may stem = from=20 poor implementation of the protocol, poor design, = poorly=20 written software, or an insecure configuration. For = these=20 reasons, you should understand which browsers support = which=20 features and the subsequent risks they could = introduce. Some=20 web browsers permit you to fully disable the use of = these=20 technologies, while others may only permit you to=20 reduce functionality.

This section shows = you how=20 to securely configure a few of the most popular web = browsers=20 and how to disable features that can cause=20 vulnerabilities. We encourage you to visit the web = site for=20 the browser you use to learn more. If a vendor does = not=20 provide documentation on how to secure the browser, we = encourage you to contact them and ask for it. =

Web=20 browsers are frequently updated. Depending on the = version of=20 your software, the features and options may move or=20 change.

A. Microsoft = Internet=20 Explorer

Microsoft Internet Explorer (IE) is a = web=20 browser integrated into the Microsoft Windows = operating=20 system. Removal of this application is not=20 practical.

In addition = to=20 supporting Java, scripting and other forms of active = content,=20 Internet Explorer implements ActiveX technology. While = any=20 application is potentially vulnerable to attack, it is = possible to mitigate a number of serious = vulnerabilities by=20 using a web browser that does not support ActiveX = controls.=20 However, using an alternate browser may affect the=20 functionality of some sites that require the use of = ActiveX=20 controls. Note that using a different web browser will = not=20 remove IE or other Windows components from the system. = Other=20 software, such as email clients, may invoke IE, the = WebBrowser=20 ActiveX control, or the IE HTML rendering engine = (MSHTML). Use=20 of these products may reintroduce the risks presented = by these=20 vulnerabilities. Results from the CERT/CC ActiveX = workshop in=20 2000 are available at the following URL: http://www.cert.o= rg/reports/activeX_report.pdf.

Here=20 are steps to disable various features in Internet = Explorer.=20 Note that menu options may vary between versions of = IE, so you=20 should adapt the steps below as = appropriate.

In=20 order to change settings for Internet Explorer, select = Tools then Internet = Options=85

Select the Security tab. On = this tab you=20 will find a section at the top, which lists the = various=20 security zones that Internet Explorer uses. More = information=20 about Internet Explorer security zones is available in = the=20 Microsoft document Setting=20 Up Security Zones. For each of these zones, you = can select=20 a Custom Level of protection. By clicking the Custom Level = button, you will=20 see a second window open that permits you to select = various=20 security settings for that zone. The Internet zone is = where all=20 sites initially start out. The security settings for = this zone=20 apply to all the web sites that are not listed in the = other=20 security zones. We recommend the High security = setting be=20 applied for this zone. By selecting the High security = setting,=20 several features including ActiveX, Active scripting, = and Java=20 will be disabled. With these features disabled, the = browser=20 will be more secure. Click the Default Level = button and then=20 drag the slider control up to High.

3D"IE

For a = more=20 fine-grained control over what features are allowed in = the=20 zone, click the Custom=20 Level button. Here you can control the specific = security options that apply to the current zone. = Default=20 values for the High security setting can be selected = by=20 choosing High = and=20 clicking the Reset=20 button to apply the changes.

3D"IE

Trusted sites is a = security=20 zone for web sites that you believe are securely = designed and=20 contain trustworthy content. To add or remove sites = from this=20 zone, you can click the Sites=85 button. = This will open=20 a new window that will list the sites that you trust = and=20 permit you to add or remove sites. You may also = require that=20 only sites with Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) implemented = can be=20 active in this zone. This permits you to verify that = the site=20 you are visiting is the site that it claims to be.=20

3D"IE

We recommend setting the security = level for=20 the Trusted = sites zone=20 to Medium. When the Internet = Zone is=20 set to High, = you may=20 encounter web sites that do not function properly due = to one=20 or more of the associated security settings. This is = where the=20 Trusted sites = zone can=20 help. If you trust that the site will not contain = malicious=20 code, you can add it to the list of sites in the = Trusted sites=20 zone. Once a site is added to this zone, features such = as=20 ActiveX and active scripting will be enabled. The = benefit of=20 this type of configuration is that IE will be more = secure by=20 default, and sites can be =93whitelisted=94 in the = Trusted sites=20 zone to gain extra functionality.

The Privacy tab = contains settings=20 for cookies. Cookies are text files placed on your = computer by=20 various sites that you visit either directly = (first-party) or=20 indirectly (third-party) through ad banners, for = example. A=20 cookie can contain any data that a site wishes to = store. It is=20 often used to track your computer as you move through = a web=20 site and store information such as preferences or = credentials.=20 We recommend that you select the Advanced button and = select=20 Override automatic = cookie=20 handling. Then select Prompt for both = first and=20 third-party cookies. This will prompt you each time a = site=20 tries to place a cookie on your computer. You can then = evaluate the originating site, whether you wish to = accept or=20 deny the cookie, and what action to take in the future = (always=20 accept, always block, or continue to ask). =

3D"IE

By selecting the Sites... button, = you can=20 manage the cookie settings for specific sites. You can = add or=20 remove sites, and you can change the current settings = for=20 existing sites. The bottom section of this window will = specify=20 the domain of the site and the action to take when = that site=20 wants to place a cookie on your computer. You can use = the=20 upper section of this window to change these=20 settings.

3D"IE

The = Advanced tab = contains=20 settings used by all zones. The settings contained in = the=20 Multimedia = section have=20 features that you can adjust to protect against some = potential=20 vulnerabilities. For instance, attackers may be able = to track=20 your usage or exploit the software you use to=20 play multimedia data. We recommend disabling the = options=20 to play sounds and videos:

3D"IE

Under = the Programs tab, you = can specify=20 your default applications for viewing web sites, email = messages, and other network related tasks. You = can also=20 prevent Internet Explorer from showing you a message=20 asking to be your default web = browser.

B. Mozilla = Firefox

Mozilla=20 Firefox supports many of the same features as = Internet=20 Explorer, with the exception of ActiveX and the = Security Zone=20 model. We recommend looking in the Help, For Internet Explorer = Users=20 menu to understand the different terminology used by = the two=20 browsers.

Following are steps to disable = various=20 features in Mozilla Firefox. Note that some menu = options may=20 change between versions or may appear in different = locations=20 depending on the host operating system. You should = adapt the=20 steps below as appropriate.

To edit the = settings for=20 Mozilla Firefox, select Tools, then Options.

You = will then see=20 an Options window that has a row of categories along = the top.=20 The first category of interest is the General category. = Under this=20 section, for instance, you can set Firefox as your = default=20 browser.

3D"Firefox

Under = the Privacy=20 category, you can select the Cookies subcategory. Here = you can=20 disable cookies or change your preferences for how the = browser=20 handles them. In general, we recommend enabling = cookies for the original site = only.=20 Additionally, by enabling the option unless I have removed = cookies set by=20 the site, a web site can be =93blacklisted=94 = from setting=20 cookies when its cookies are removed = manually.

Many=20 web browsers will allow you to store login = information. In=20 general, we recommend against using such features. = Should you=20 decide to use the feature, ensure that you use the = measures=20 available to protect the password data on your = computer. Under=20 the Privacy = category,=20 the Passwords=20 subcategory contains various options to manage stored=20 passwords, and a Master=20 Password feature to encrypt the data on your = system. We=20 encourage you to use this option if you decide to let = Mozilla=20 Firefox manage your passwords.

3D"Firefox

The = Content category = has an=20 option to Enable = Java.=20 Java is a programming language that permits web site = designers=20 to run applications on your computer. We recommend = disabling=20 this feature unless required by the site you wish to = visit.=20 Again, you should determine if this site is = trustworthy and=20 whether you want to enable Java to view the site=92s = content.=20 After you are finished visiting the site, we recommend = disabling Java until you need it again.

The = Warn me when web sites try = to=20 install extensions or themes option will = display a=20 warning bar at the top of the browser when a web site = attempts=20 to take such an action.

Press the Advanced button to = disable=20 specific JavaScript features. We recommend disabling = all of=20 the options displayed in this dialog.

=20 3D"Firefox

The = Downloads section = has an=20 option to modify actions taken when files are = downloading. Any=20 time a file type is configured to open = automatically with=20 an associated application, this can make the browser = more=20 dangerous to use. Vulnerabilities in these associated=20 applications can be exploited more easily when they = are=20 configured to open automatically. Click the View & Edit = Actions=20 button to view the current download settings and = modify them=20 if necessary.

3D"Firefox

The=20 Download Actions dialog shows the file types and=20 the actions the browser will perform when it = encounters a=20 given file type. For any file type listed, click = on=20 either Remove=20 Action or Change=20 Action.... If you click on Change Action..., = select=20 Save them on my=20 computer to save files of that type to the = computer.=20 This helps prevent automated exploitation of=20 vulnerabilities that may exist in these=20 applications.

3D"Firefox

Firefox 1.5=20 includes a feature to Clear=20 Private Data. This option will remove = potentially=20 sensitive information from the web browser. Select = Clear Private = Data... from=20 the Tools = menu to use=20 this privacy feature.

3D"Firefox

C. Apple Computer's Safari = web=20 browser

Safari supports many of the same = features as=20 Mozilla Firefox. This section describes steps to = disable=20 various features in Safari. Note that some menu = options=20 may change over time, and you should adapt the steps = below as=20 appropriate.

In order to change settings, = select Safari and then = select Preferences=85

Note that=20 on the Safari menu, you can also select the option = =93Block=20 Pop-up Windows=94. This option will prevent sites from = opening=20 another window through the use of scripting, or active = content. Be aware that while pop-up windows are often=20 associated with advertisements, some sites may attempt = to=20 display content relevant to your usage of the site in = a new=20 window. Therefore, setting this option may disable the = functionality of some sites.

3D"Safari

Once you = select the=20 Preferences = menu, the=20 window depicted below will open. The first tab to = examine is=20 the General = tab. On=20 this tab, you can set up many options such as Save downloaded files = to: and=20 Open =93safe=94 = files after=20 downloading. We recommend that you save=20 downloaded files to a temporary folder that you create = for=20 downloading files. We also recommend that you deselect = the=20 Open =93safe=94 = files after=20 downloading option.

3D"Safari

The = next section=20 of interest is the AutoFill tab. On = this tab,=20 you can select what types of forms your browser will = fill in=20 automatically. In general, we recommend against using = AutoFill=20 features. If someone can gain access to your computer, = or to=20 the data files, then the AutoFill feature may permit = them even=20 easier access to other sites that they would not = otherwise=20 have the ability to access. However, if used with = appropriate=20 protective measures, it may be acceptable to enable = AutoFill.=20 We recommend using filesystem encryption software such = as OS X=20 FileVault=20 to provide additional security for files that reside = in a=20 user's home directory.

3D"Safari

The = Security tab = provides several=20 options. The Web=20 Content section permits you to enable or = disable=20 various forms of scripting and active content. We = recommend=20 disabling the first three options in this section, and = only=20 enabling them when you require the functionality of = these=20 features. We recommend selecting the Block Pop-up = Windows option.=20 Remember that this option will prevent sites from = opening=20 another window through the use of scripting, or active = content. Again, be aware that while pop-up windows are = often=20 associated with advertisements, some sites may attempt = to=20 display content relevant to your usage of the site in = a new=20 window. Therefore, setting this option may disable the = functionality of some sites.

It is safer to = use Safari=20 without plug-ins and Java, so we recommend disabling = the=20 options Enable = plug-ins=20 and Enable = Java. It is=20 also safer to disable JavaScript. However, many web = sites=20 require JavaScript for proper operation.

In = this dialog=20 you can disable cookies and can also view or = remove=20 cookies that have been set. In general, we recommend = disabling=20 cookies and enabling them only when you visit a site = that=20 requires their use. At this point, you should = determine if the=20 site is trustworthy (i.e., contains no malicious = content and=20 is securely designed) and determine whether you want = to allow=20 cookies to access the site=92s content. After you are = finished=20 visiting the site, we recommend disabling cookies = until=20 you need to access a site that requires cookies. You = can limit=20 cookies to the sites that you navigate to by selecting = the=20 option Only from = sites you=20 navigate to. This will permit sites that you = visit to=20 set cookies, but not third-party sites. Finally, we = recommend=20 selecting the Ask = before=20 sending a non-secure form to a secure website = option.=20 This will alert you when data is sent to a secure web = site=20 over an insecure channel.

3D"Safari

D. Other = Browsers

Other web=20 browsers may have similar options to those described = in the=20 previous sections. Please refer to the browser = documentation=20 to determine which options are available and how to = make the=20 necessary changes. For example, here are some other = popular=20 browsers:

Mozilla Suite - http://www.mozilla.or= g/products/mozilla1.x
Opera=20 - http://www.opera= .com/support/tutorials/security
Konqueror=20 - http://www.konqueror.org/
Netsc= ape=20 - http://browser.netscape.com/

V. Keeping Your = Computer=20 Secure

In addition to selecting and securing your = web=20 browser, you can take other steps to protect your=20 computer:

Read the CERT/CC Home=20 Network Security and Home=20 Computer Security documents.
Install and use antivirus software
While an=20 up-to-date antivirus software package cannot protect = against=20 all malicious code, for most users it remains the = best=20 first-line of defense against malicious code = attacks. Many=20 antivirus packages support automatic updates of = virus=20 definitions. We recommend using these automatic = updates when=20 available. A partial list of antivirus=20 vendors is available on the CERT/CC = web site.=20
Enable automatic software updates if=20 available
Vendors will usually release patches = for their=20 software when a vulnerability has been discovered. = Most=20 product documentation tells you how to get updates = and=20 patches. You should be able to obtain updates from = the=20 vendor's web site. Read the manuals or browse the = vendor's=20 web site for more information.

Some = applications will=20 automatically check for available updates, and many = vendors=20 offer automatic notification of updates via a = mailing list.=20 Look on your vendor's web site for information about = automatic notification. If no mailing list or other=20 automated notification mechanism is offered, you may = need to=20 check the vendor's web site periodically for = updates.=20
Avoid unsafe behavior
Additional information = on this=20 topic can be found in the document
Home=20 Network Security.
- Use caution when opening email = attachments=20 or when using peer-to-peer file sharing, instant=20 messaging, or chat rooms.=20
- Don't enable file sharing on network = interfaces=20 exposed directly to the internet.
Follow the principle of least privilege =97 = don't enable=20 it if you don't need it
Consider creating and = using an=20 account with limited privileges instead of an=20 =93administrator=94 or =93root=94 level account for = everyday tasks.=20 Depending on the operating system, you only need to = use=20 administrator-level access when installing new = software,=20 changing system configurations, and other important = tasks.=20 Many vulnerability exploits (e.g., viruses, Trojan = horses)=20 are executed with the privileges of the user that = runs them=20 =97 making it far more risky to be logged in as an=20 administrator all the time.

References

US-CERT References

Avoiding=20 Social Engineering =97=20 http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/tips/ST04-014.html=20
Browsing=20 Safely: Understanding Active Content and Cookies = =97=20 http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/tips/ST04-012.html=20
Evaluating=20 Your Web Browser's Security Settings =97=20 http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/tips/ST05-001.html=20
Spyware=20 =97 http://www.us-cert.gov/reading_room/spyware.pdf=20
Understanding=20 Internationalized Domain Names =97=20 http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/tips/ST05-016.html=20
Understanding=20 Web Site Certificates =97=20 http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/tips/ST05-010.html=20
Understanding=20 Your Computer: Web Browsers =97=20 http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/tips/ST04-022.html =

CERT/CC References

Before=20 You Connect a New Computer to the Internet =97=20 = http://www.cert.org/tech_tips/before_you_plug_in.html=20
Home=20 Computer Security =97=20 http://www.cert.org/homeusers/HomeComputerSecurity/=20
Home=20 Network Security =97=20 http://www.cert.org/tech_tips/home_networks.html=20
Technical=20 Trends in Phishing Attacks =97=20 http://www.cert.org/archive/pdf/Phishing_trends.pdf =

Microsoft Windows XP=20 References

Improve=20 the safety of your browsing and e-mail = activities =97=20 = http://www.microsoft.com/athome/security/online/browsing_safety.mspx=20
Microsoft=20 Windows XP Baseline Security Checklist =97=20 = http://www.microsoft.com/technet/archive/security/chklist/xpcl.mspx=20
Microsoft=20 Windows XP Service Pack 2 =97=20 http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/sp2/default.mspx=20
Microsoft's=20 Protect Your PC =97 = http://www.microsoft.com/protect/=20
Setting=20 Up Security Zones =97=20 = http://www.microsoft.com/windows/ie/using/howto/security/setup.mspx=20
Using=20 the Internet Connection Firewall =97=20 = http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/home/using/howto/homenet/icf.asp=20

Apple Macintosh = OSX=20 References

Apple=20 Product Security =97=20 http://www.apple.com/support/security/=20
Apple=20 Security Updates =97=20 = http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=3D61798=20
How=20 to Keep Network Computers Secure =97=20 = http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=3D61534=20
OSX=20 Security Features Overview =97=20 http://www.apple.com/macosx/features/security/ =

Linux References

Debian=20 Security Information =97 = http://www.debian.org/security/=20
Gentoo=20 Security Handbook=20 =97 http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/security/=20
Mandriva=20 Security Advisories =97=20 http://www.mandriva.com/security/advisories=20
RedHat=20 Security and Errata =97=20 http://www.redhat.com/apps/support/errata/=20
Slackware=20 Security Advisories =97 = http://www.slackware.com/security/=20
SUSE=20 Security (US/Canada) =97=20 = http://www.novell.com/linux/security/securitysupport.html=20
Ubuntu = Security=20 notices =97 http://www.ubuntu.com/usn/ =

System = Administrator=20 References

Description=20 of Internet Explorer security zones registry=20 entries =97 = http://support.microsoft.com/?kbid=3D182569=20
How=20 To Set Advanced Settings In Internet Explorer by = Using Group=20 Policy Objects =97=20 http://support.microsoft.com/?kbid=3D274846=20
Internet=20 Explorer Administration Kit =97=20 http://www.microsoft.com/technet/prodtechnol/ie/ieak =

Revision = History
January=20 23, 2006 =20 = =20 Inital Release

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Securing Your Web Browser

I. Why Secure Your Web = Browser?

II. Understanding Web = Browser=20 Features

III. Vulnerabilities = and=20 Attack Vectors

ActiveX=20 Controls

Java

Cross-Site=20 Scripting

Cross-Zone and=20 Cross-Domain Vulnerabilities

Malicious = Scripting,=20 Active Content, and HTML

Spoofing